A vitamin D replete state appears to benefit most infections. 11 Moreover, Vitamin D helps in boosting the activity of monocytes and macrophages, thereby contributing to a potent systemic antimicrobial effect. Vitamin D may reduce the risk of infection through multiple mechanisms Vitamin D boosts innate immunity by modulating the production of AMPs and cytokine response. 10 Evidence exists that vitamin D has a potential antimicrobial activity, and its deficiency has deleterious effects on general well‐being and longevity. 9 Although this antimicrobial mechanism of vitamin D has been demonstrated only in macrophages infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is also well known that cathelicidin has broad‐spectrum activity against a wide variety of other pathogens, including Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In the vitamin D deficiency state, the infected macrophage is unable to produce sufficient 1,25‐(OH) 2D to upregulate the production of AMP cathelicidin. 8 Recent studies have demonstrated that vitamin D regulates the expression of specific endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in immune cells this action leads to a potential role for vitamin D in modulating the immune response to various infectious diseases. While its role in the regulation of calcium and bone homeostasis is well established, recently, there is increasing recognition that vitamin D has immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory and antifibrotic properties and plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Vitamin D is an important secosteroid hormone with pleiotropic effects. 7 Host immunity also plays an important role against an infectious disease such as H. pylori infection depends on host genetic factors such as cytochrome P450 2C19 ( CYP2C19), interleukin 1B ( IL‐1B), and multidrug‐resistant transporter‐1 ( MDR1). 6 In addition, the successful treatment of H. pylori strains that are resistant to antibiotics is increasing. pylori cure rates is the antibiotic resistance of H. 4 In addition, recent systematic review showed that the cure rates of sequential and standard triple therapy were 84.1 and 75.1%, respectively. pylori infections, the American College of Gastroenterology suggested that the cure rates were 70–85% in 2007. 3 Although triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), clarithromycin, and amoxicillin or metronidazole has been used as the first‐line treatment for H.
pylori infection should receive antimicrobial therapy as the risk of ulcer recurrence and associated complications do not diminish unless H. 2 The National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference concluded that patients with H.
1 Up to 76–95% of gastric cancers and 90% of duodenal ulcers are associated with H. It affects 50% of the world's population, and it is important in the pathogenesis of other gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric lymphoma. Infection by Helicobacter pylori has been established as a major cause of chronic gastritis.
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